NAME
    CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class

SYNOPSIS
      # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
      # and echoes back its values.

      use CGI qw/:standard/;
      print header,
            start_html('A Simple Example'),
            h1('A Simple Example'),
            start_form,
            "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
            "What's the combination?", p,
            checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
                           -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                           -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
            "What's your favorite color? ",
            popup_menu(-name=>'color',
                       -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
            submit,
            end_form,
            hr;

       if (param()) {
           print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p,
                 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
                 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
                 hr;
       }

ABSTRACT
    This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
    fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
    objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
    and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can examine
    keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create forms whose
    initial values are taken from the current query (thereby preserving
    state information). The module provides shortcut functions that produce
    boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It also provides
    functionality for some of the more advanced features of CGI scripting,
    including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading style sheets,
    server push, and frames.

    CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
    those who don't need its object-oriented features.

    The current version of CGI.pm is available at

      http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
      ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/

DESCRIPTION
  PROGRAMMING STYLE

    There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
    style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
    create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create the
    various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the list
    of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the server.
    You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database and recreate
    them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of the CGI script,
    and because each object's parameter list is independent of the others,
    this allows you to save the state of the script and restore it later.

    For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create a
    simple "Hello World" HTML page:

       #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
       use CGI;                             # load CGI routines
       $q = new CGI;                        # create new CGI object
       print $q->header,                    # create the HTTP header
             $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
             $q->h1('hello world'),         # level 1 header
             $q->end_html;                  # end the HTML

    In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that you
    rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to retrieve
    CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so on. This
    provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but limits you to
    using one CGI object at a time. The following example prints the same
    page, but uses the function-oriented interface. The main differences are
    that we now need to import a set of functions into our name space
    (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't need to create the CGI
    object.

       #!/usr/local/bin/perl
       use CGI qw/:standard/;           # load standard CGI routines
       print header,                    # create the HTTP header
             start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
             h1('hello world'),         # level 1 header
             end_html;                  # end the HTML

    The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style. See
    HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on function-oriented
    programming in CGI.pm

  CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES

    Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
    optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
    argument calling style that looks like this:

       print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');

    Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order matters
    in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all acceptable. In
    fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a dash. If a dash is
    present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes dashes for the subsequent
    ones.

    Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the case
    of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
    argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
    case, the single argument is the document type.

       print $q->header('text/html');

    Other such routines are documented below.

    Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
    array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any type
    of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate. For
    example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a single
    or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:

       $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
       $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);

    A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
    defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed. These
    are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for use in
    dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes (the
    attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the part
    between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
    attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
    attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the contents,
    if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like this:

       Code                           Generated HTML
       ----                           --------------
       h1()                           <H1>
       h1('some','contents');         <H1>some contents</H1>
       h1({-align=>left});            <H1 ALIGN="LEFT">
       h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <H1 ALIGN="LEFT">contents</H1>

    HTML tags are described in more detail later.

    Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
    calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
    around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
    routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
    brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
    optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use curly
    braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For example:

       print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );

    If you use the -w switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
    names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of these
    is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus, radio button
    clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you have several
    choices:

    1.  Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
        -value is an alias for -values.

    2.  Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values

    3.  Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'

    Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
    doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP header
    fields by providing them as named arguments:

      print $q->header(-type  =>  'text/html',
                       -cost  =>  'Three smackers',
                       -annoyance_level => 'high',
                       -complaints_to   => 'bit bucket');

    This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:

       HTTP/1.0 200 OK
       Cost: Three smackers
       Annoyance-level: high
       Complaints-to: bit bucket
       Content-type: text/html

    Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
    hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
    translation.

    This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
    HTML "standards".

  CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):

         $query = new CGI;

    This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store it
    into a perl5 object called $query.

  CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE

         $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);

    If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
    parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in any
    of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of newline
    delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type of file is
    created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records can be saved
    and restored.

    Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts references
    to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs, which is the
    "official" way to pass a filehandle:

        $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);

    You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
    object.

    If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to initialize
    CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
    restore_parameters(). This will (re)initialize the default CGI object
    from the indicated file handle.

        open (IN,"test.in") || die;
        restore_parameters(IN);
        close IN;

    You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
    reference:

        $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
                           'song'=>'I love you',
                           'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
                        );

    or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:

        $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');

    or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
    parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
    autoescaping):

        $old_query = new CGI;
        $new_query = new CGI($old_query);

    To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:

       $empty_query = new CGI("");

           -or-

       $empty_query = new CGI({});

  FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:

         @keywords = $query->keywords

    If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
    parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.

  FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:

         @names = $query->param

    If the script was invoked with a parameter list (e.g.
    "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method will
    return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked as an
    <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands (e.g.
    "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
    "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.

    NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will be
    in the same order as they were submitted by the browser. Usually this
    order is the same as the order in which the parameters are defined in
    the form (however, this isn't part of the spec, and so isn't
    guaranteed).

  FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:

        @values = $query->param('foo');

                  -or-

        $value = $query->param('foo');

    Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
    named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
    selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array.
    Otherwise the method will return a single value.

    If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
    "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
    string. This feature is new in 2.63.

  SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:

        $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');

    This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of values.
    This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER the script has been
    invoked once before. (Another way is with the -override parameter
    accepted by all methods that generate form elements.)

    param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described in
    more detail later:

        $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);

                                  -or-

        $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');

  APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:

       $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);

    This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The values
    are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists. Otherwise
    the parameter is created. Note that this method only recognizes the
    named argument calling syntax.

  IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:

       $query->import_names('R');

    This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
    $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
    If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'. WARNING: don't
    import anything into 'main'; this is a major security risk!!!!

    In older versions, this method was called import(). As of version 2.20,
    this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the
    built-in Perl module import operator.

  DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:

        $query->delete('foo');

    This completely clears a parameter. It sometimes useful for resetting
    parameters that you don't want passed down between script invocations.

    If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead to
    avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.

  DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:

       $query->delete_all();

    This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure that
    all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.

    Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.

  DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:

       $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
       unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';

    If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered by
    the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by calling
    the param_fetch() method with the name of the . This will return an
    array reference to the named parameters, which you then can manipulate
    in any way you like.

    You can also use a named argument style using the -name argument.

  FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:

        $params = $q->Vars;
        print $params->{'address'};
        @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
        %params = $q->Vars;

        use CGI ':cgi-lib';
        $params = Vars;

    Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
    the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
    parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
    context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
    Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying CGI
    parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the parameter list
    as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the contents of the
    parameter list, but not to change it.

    When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
    parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and list
    context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed string,
    separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this packed
    string in order to get at the individual values. This is the convention
    introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl module for Perl
    version 4.

    If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the *:cgi-lib* set of
    function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).

  SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:

        $query->save(FILEHANDLE)

    This will write the current state of the form to the provided
    filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle to the
    new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe, or
    whatever!

    The format of the saved file is:

            NAME1=VALUE1
            NAME1=VALUE1'
            NAME2=VALUE2
            NAME3=VALUE3
            =

    Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
    represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a single
    = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them back in with
    several calls to new. You can do this across several sessions by opening
    the file in append mode, allowing you to create primitive guest books,
    or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's a short example of
    creating multiple session records:

       use CGI;

       open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
       $records = 5;
       foreach (0..$records) {
           my $q = new CGI;
           $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
           $q->save(OUT);
       }
       close OUT;

       # reopen for reading
       open (IN,"test.out") || die;
       while (!eof(IN)) {
           my $q = new CGI(IN);
           print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
       }

    The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
    Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
    manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See

      http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/

    for further details.

    If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
    interface, the exported name for this method is save_parameters().

  RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS

    Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
    processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
    processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for the
    existence and nature of errors using the *cgi_error()* function. The
    error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
    incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value of
    the HTTP status:

        my $error = $q->cgi_error;
        if ($error) {
            print $q->header(-status=>$error),
                  $q->start_html('Problems'),
                  $q->h2('Request not processed'),
                  $q->strong($error);
            exit 0;
        }

    When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
    errors may only occur the first time you call *param()*. Be ready for
    this!

  USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE

    To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
    routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
    There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it isn't
    much.

       use CGI <list of methods>;

    The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
    call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
    shows how to import the param() and header() methods, and then use them
    directly:

       use CGI 'param','header';
       print header('text/plain');
       $zipcode = param('zipcode');

    More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring to
    the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":" character
    as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).

    Here is a list of the function sets you can import:

    :cgi
        Import all CGI-handling methods, such as param(), path_info() and
        the like.

    :form
        Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as textfield().

    :html2
        Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.

    :html3
        Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 proposed elements (such as
        <table>, <super> and <sub>).

    :netscape
        Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.

    :html
        Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
        'netscape')...

    :standard
        Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'form' and 'cgi'.

    :all
        Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
        code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.

    If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
    will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate subroutine.
    You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to provide for the
    rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say Microsoft comes out
    with a new tag called <GRADIENT> (which causes the user's desktop to be
    flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his machine reboots). You
    don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm to start using it
    immediately:

       use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
       print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});

    Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does not use the
    standard the Exporter manpage syntax for specifying load symbols. This
    may change in the future.

    If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
    methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
    automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require one
    to be present. This includes param(), textfield(), submit() and the
    like. (If you need direct access to the CGI object, you can find it in
    the global variable $CGI::Q). By importing CGI.pm methods, you can
    create visually elegant scripts:

       use CGI qw/:standard/;
       print 
           header,
           start_html('Simple Script'),
           h1('Simple Script'),
           start_form,
           "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
           "What's the combination?",
           checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
                          -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                          -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
           "What's your favorite color?",
           popup_menu(-name=>'color',
                      -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
           submit,
           end_form,
           hr,"\n";

        if (param) {
           print 
               "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
               "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
               "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
        }
        print end_html;

  PRAGMAS

    In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that you
    can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen, change the
    way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas, function sets, and
    individual functions can all be imported in the same use() line. For
    example, the following use statement imports the standard set of
    functions and enables debugging mode (pragma -debug):

       use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;

    The current list of pragmas is as follows:

    -any
        When you *use CGI -any*, then any method that the query object
        doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
        you to support the next *ad hoc* Netscape or Microsoft HTML
        extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:

           use CGI qw(-any);
           $q=new CGI;
           print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});

        Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name to be
        interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at all.

    -compile
        This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up
        front, rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts
        that run for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl,
        and for those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl
        compiler. Use it in conjunction with the methods or method families
        you plan to use.

           use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);

        or even

           use CGI qw(-compile :all);

        Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have the
        effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
        namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
        compile() method instead (see below).

    -nosticky
        This makes CGI.pm not generating the hidden fields .submit and
        .cgifields. It is very useful if you don't want to have the hidden
        fields appear in the querystring in a GET method. For example, a
        search script generated this way will have a very nice url with
        search parameters for bookmarking.

    -no_xhtml
        By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
        (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
        feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
        feature.

    -nph
        This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no parsed
        header) script. You may need to do other things as well to tell the
        server that the script is NPH. See the discussion of NPH scripts
        below.

    -newstyle_urls
        Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
        semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:

           ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3

        Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not
        be emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the
        -newstyle_urls pragma is specified.

        This became the default in version 2.64.

    -oldstyle_urls
        Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
        ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.

    -autoload
        This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
        that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible
        evaluation. This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without
        adding them to your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl
        users who are worried about memory consumption. *Warning:* when
        *-autoload* is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode" (functions
        without the parenthesis). Use *hr()* rather than *hr*, or add
        something like *use subs qw/hr p header/* to the top of your script.

    -no_debug
        This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
        run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
        don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
        then use this pragma:

           use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);

    -debug
        This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
        from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
        arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
        name=value pairs on standard input)" features.

        See the section on debugging for more details.

    -private_tempfiles
        CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
        file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
        However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the
        file upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this
        data during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On
        Unix systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary
        file to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is
        written into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of
        eavesdropping (there is still a potential race condition). To make
        life harder for the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by
        calculating a 32 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.

        To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI
        scripts, use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The
        temporary file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group
        readable).

        The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:

            1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
            "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).

            2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
            indicated.

            3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
            /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.

        Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
        writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.

  SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS

    Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
    functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags. For
    example:

      print h1('Level 1 Header');

    produces

      <H1>Level 1 Header</H1>

    There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end tags
    yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_*tag_name* and
    end_*tag_name*, as in:

      print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;

    With a few exceptions (described below), start_*tag_name* and
    end_*tag_name* functions are not generated automatically when you *use
    CGI*. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate *start/end*
    functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their name, or,
    alternatively, requesting either "start_*tag_name*" or "end_*tag_name*"
    in the import list.

    Example:

      use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;

    In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
    the standard ones:

    1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag)
    2. end_table() (generates a </TABLE> tag)
    3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag)
    4. end_ul() (generates a </UL> tag)
GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
    Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
    Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
    document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP headers
    of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating GIF
    images, see the GD.pm module.

    Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
    can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window, append
    to a string, or save to a file for later use.

  CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:

    Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
    HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect, and
    gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration date,
    and whether to cache the document. The header can also be manipulated
    for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view pages.

            print $query->header;

                 -or-

            print $query->header('image/gif');

                 -or-

            print $query->header('text/html','204 No response');

                 -or-

            print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif',
                                 -nph=>1,
                                 -status=>'402 Payment required',
                                 -expires=>'+3d',
                                 -cookie=>$cookie,
                                 -charset=>'utf-7',
                                 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
                                 -Cost=>'$2.00');

    header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own MIME
    type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An optional
    second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable message.
    For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a script that
    tells the browser to do nothing at all.

    The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments to
    the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are -type,
    -status, -expires, and -cookie. Any other named parameters will be
    stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into header fields,
    allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire. Internal underscores
    will be turned into hyphens:

        print $query->header(-Content_length=>3002);

    Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time the
    browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can change
    this behavior with the -expires parameter. When you specify an absolute
    or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some browsers and
    proxy servers will cache the script's output until the indicated
    expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the -expires
    field:

            +30s                              30 seconds from now
            +10m                              ten minutes from now
            +1h                               one hour from now
            -1d                               yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
            now                               immediately
            +3M                               in three months
            +10y                              in ten years time
            Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT  at the indicated time & date

    The -cookie parameter generates a header that tells the browser to
    provide a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your
    script. Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting
    attributes such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create
    and retrieve session cookies.

    The -nph parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
    headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
    to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.

    The -charset parameter can be used to control the character set sent to
    the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a side effect,
    this sets the charset() method as well.

    The -attachment parameter can be used to turn the page into an
    attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
    the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the suggested
    name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may have to set
    the -type to "application/octet-stream".

  GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER

       print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');

    Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
    redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the time
    of day or the identity of the user.

    The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If you
    use redirection like this, you should not print out a header as well.

    One hint I can offer is that relative links may not work correctly when
    you generate a redirection to another document on your site. This is due
    to a well-intentioned optimization that some servers use. The solution
    to this is to use the full URL (including the http: part) of the
    document you are redirecting to.

    You can also use named arguments:

        print $query->redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
                               -nph=>1);

    The -nph parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
    headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
    to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which
    expect all their scripts to be NPH.

  CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER

       print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
                                -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
                                -base=>'true',
                                -target=>'_blank',
                                -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
                                        'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
                                -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
                                -BGCOLOR=>'blue');

    After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing out
    an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the page,
    along with a lot of optional information that controls the page's
    appearance and behavior.

    This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <BODY> tag. All
    parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
    parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
    (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you provide,
    such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added to the
    <BODY> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a hyphen.

    The argument -xbase allows you to provide an HREF for the <BASE> tag
    different from the current location, as in

        -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"

    All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.

    The argument -target allows you to provide a default target frame for
    all the links and fill-out forms on the page. This is a non-standard
    HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers! See the Netscape
    documentation on frames for details of how to manipulate this.

        -target=>"answer_window"

    All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag. You add
    arbitrary meta information to the header with the -meta argument. This
    argument expects a reference to an associative array containing
    name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned into a series
    of header <META> tags that look something like this:

        <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="pharaoh secret mummy">
        <META NAME="description" CONTENT="copyright 1996 King Tut">

    To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <META> tag, use -head, described below.

    The -style argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets into
    your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
    information.

    The -lang argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into the
    <HTML> tag. The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English. For
    example:

        print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');

    You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <HEAD> section with
    the -head tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <LINK> element in
    the head section, use this:

        print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
                                      -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));

    To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <HEAD> section, just pass
    an array reference:

        print start_html(-head=>[ 
                                 Link({-rel=>'next',
                                       -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
                                 Link({-rel=>'previous',
                                       -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
                                 ]
                         );

    And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <META> tag:

          print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
                                        -content    => 'text/html'}))

    JAVASCRIPTING: The -script, -noScript, -onLoad, -onMouseOver,
    -onMouseOut and -onUnload parameters are used to add Netscape JavaScript
    calls to your pages. -script should point to a block of text containing
    JavaScript function definitions. This block will be placed within a
    <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML (not HTTP) header. The block is placed in
    the header in order to give your page a fighting chance of having all
    its JavaScript functions in place even if the user presses the stop
    button before the page has loaded completely. CGI.pm attempts to format
    the script in such a way that JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke
    on the code: unfortunately there are some browsers, such as Chimera for
    Unix, that get confused by it nevertheless.

    The -onLoad and -onUnload parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
    code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
    browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
    -script field:

          $query = new CGI;
          print $query->header;
          $JSCRIPT=<<END;
          // Ask a silly question
          function riddle_me_this() {
             var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
                           "two legs in the afternoon, " +
                           "and three legs in the evening?");
             response(r);
          }
          // Get a silly answer
          function response(answer) {
             if (answer == "man")
                alert("Right you are!");
             else
                alert("Wrong!  Guess again.");
          }
          END
          print $query->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
                                   -script=>$JSCRIPT);

    Use the -noScript parameter to pass some HTML text that will be
    displayed on browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where
    JavaScript is turned off).

    Netscape 3.0 recognizes several attributes of the <SCRIPT> tag,
    including LANGUAGE and SRC. The latter is particularly interesting, as
    it allows you to keep the JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather
    than cluttering up each page with the source. To use these attributes
    pass a HASH reference in the -script parameter containing one or more of
    -language, -src, or -code:

        print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
                             -script=>{-language=>'JAVASCRIPT',
                                       -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
                             );

        print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
                   -script=>{-language=>'PERLSCRIPT',
                             -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
                   );

    A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <SCRIPT> sections
    into the header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array
    reference. this allows you to specify different source files for
    different dialects of JavaScript. Example:

         print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
                              -script=>[
                                        { -language => 'JavaScript1.0',
                                          -src      => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
                                        },
                                        { -language => 'JavaScript1.1',
                                          -src      => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
                                        },
                                        { -language => 'JavaScript1.2',
                                          -src      => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
                                        },
                                        { -language => 'JavaScript28.2',
                                          -src      => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
                                        }
                                     ]
                                 );
         </pre>

    If this looks a bit extreme, take my advice and stick with straight CGI
    scripting.

    See

       http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/handbook/javascript/

    for more information about JavaScript.

    The old-style positional parameters are as follows:

    Parameters:
    1.  The title

    2.  The author's e-mail address (will create a <LINK REV="MADE"> tag if
        present

    3.  A 'true' flag if you want to include a <BASE> tag in the header.
        This helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the
        document is moved, but makes the document hierarchy non-portable.
        Use with care!

    4, 5, 6...
        Any other parameters you want to include in the <BODY> tag. This is
        a good place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and
        wallpaper patterns.

  ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:

            print $query->end_html

    This ends an HTML document by printing the </BODY></HTML> tags.

  CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:

        $myself = $query->self_url;
        print q(<A HREF="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</A>);

    self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke this
    script with all its state information intact. This is most useful when
    you want to jump around within the document using internal anchors but
    you don't want to disrupt the current contents of the form(s). Something
    like this will do the trick.

         $myself = $query->self_url;
         print "<A HREF=$myself#table1>See table 1</A>";
         print "<A HREF=$myself#table2>See table 2</A>";
         print "<A HREF=$myself#yourself>See for yourself</A>";

    If you want more control over what's returned, using the url() method
    instead.

    You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():

        $the_string = $query->query_string;

  OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL

        $full_url      = $query->url();
        $full_url      = $query->url(-full=>1);  #alternative syntax
        $relative_url  = $query->url(-relative=>1);
        $absolute_url  = $query->url(-absolute=>1);
        $url_with_path = $query->url(-path_info=>1);
        $url_with_path_and_query = $query->url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
        $netloc        = $query->url(-base => 1);

    url() returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called without
    any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including host name
    and port number

        http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi

    You can modify this format with the following named arguments:

    -absolute
        If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.

            /path/to/script.cgi

    -relative
        Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
        script with different parameters. For example:

            script.cgi

    -full
        Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
        This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.

    -path (-path_info)
        Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
        combined with -full, -absolute or -relative. -path_info is provided
        as a synonym.

    -query (-query_string)
        Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with -full,
        -absolute or -relative. -query_string is provided as a synonym.

    -base
        Generate just the protocol and net location, as in
        http://www.foo.com:8000

  MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS

       $color = $query-&gt;url_param('color');

    It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as well
    as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
    containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
    param() method will always return the contents of the POSTed fill-out
    form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL parameters, call
    the url_param() method. Use it in the same way as param(). The main
    difference is that it allows you to read the parameters, but not set
    them.

    Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
    interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
    try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET method,
    the results will not be what you expect.

CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
    CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of the
    HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single HTML
    element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then print or
    manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of HTML code
    that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most commonly,
    print out so that it displays in the browser window.

    This example shows how to use the HTML methods:

       $q = new CGI;
       print $q->blockquote(
                         "Many years ago on the island of",
                         $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
                         "there lived a Minotaur named",
                         $q->strong("Fred."),
                        ),
           $q->hr;

    This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been added
    for readability):

       <blockquote>
       Many years ago on the island of
       <a HREF="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
       a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong> 
       </blockquote>
       <hr>

    If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
    import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
    completely (see the next section for more details):

       use CGI ':standard';
       print blockquote(
          "Many years ago on the island of",
          a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
          "there lived a minotaur named",
          strong("Fred."),
          ),
          hr;

  PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS

    The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
    provide no arguments, you get a single tag:

       print hr;    #  <HR>

    If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
    together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:

       print h1("Chapter","1"); # <H1>Chapter 1</H1>"

    If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
    and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:

       print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
          "Open a new frame");

                <A HREF="fred.html",TARGET="_new">Open a new frame</A>

    You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if you
    prefer:

       print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};

               <IMG ALIGN="LEFT" SRC="fred.gif">

    Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
    lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
    that points to an undef string:

       print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));

    Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
    attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
    changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the
    form <IMG ALT="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:

       CODE                   RESULT
       img({alt=>undef})      <IMG ALT>
       img({alt=>''})         <IMT ALT="">

  THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS

    One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
    distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a reference to
    a list, the tag will be distributed across each element of the list. For
    example, here's one way to make an ordered list:

       print ul(
                 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
               );

    This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:

       <UL>
         <LI TYPE="disc">Sneezy</LI>
         <LI TYPE="disc">Doc</LI>
         <LI TYPE="disc">Sleepy</LI>
         <LI TYPE="disc">Happy</LI>
       </UL>

    This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:

       print table({-border=>undef},
               caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
               Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
               [
                  th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
                  td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
                  td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no',  'yes']),
                  td(['Onions'   , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
               ]
               )
            );

  HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION

    Consider this bit of code:

       print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));

    It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:

       <BLOCKQUOTE><EM>Hi</EM> mom!</BLOCKQUOTE>

    Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!". CGI.pm
    puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
    controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is not
    what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series of
    images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an empty
    string.

       {
          local($") = '';
          print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
        }

    I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
    change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly reset
    it.

  NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS

    A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various reasons.

    comment() generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it like

        print comment('here is my comment');

    Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following
    functions begin with initial caps:

        Select
        Tr
        Link
        Delete
        Accept
        Sub

    In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
    start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special. See
    their respective sections.

  AUTOESCAPING HTML

    By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions is
    passed through a function called escapeHTML():

    $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
        Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.

    Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
    default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
    character becomes "<", ">" becomes "&gt;", "&" becomes "&amp;", and
    the quote character becomes "&quot;". In addition, the hexadecimal 0x8b
    and 0x9b characters, which many windows-based browsers interpret as the
    left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their numeric
    HTML entities ("&#139" and "&#155;"). If you manually change the
    charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by passing
    a -charset argument to header(), then all characters will be replaced by
    their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup table for all the
    possible encodings.

    The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as h1().
    You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in order to
    protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter into
    guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset(). To turn
    autoescaping off completely, use autoescape():

    $charset = charset([$charset]);
        Get or set the current character set.

    $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
        Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.

  PRETTY-PRINTING HTML

    By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
    long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but it
    does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get pretty-printed
    output, please use the CGI::Pretty manpage, a subclass contributed by
    Brian Paulsen.

CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
    *General note* The various form-creating methods all return strings to
    the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
    form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these
    strings. It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
    around the form elements.

    *Another note* The default values that you specify for the forms are
    only used the first time the script is invoked (when there is no query
    string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
    string), the former values are used even if they are blank.

    If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you
    have two choices:

    (1) call the param() method to set it.

    (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version
    2.15). This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the
    previous value:

       print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
                               -default=>'starting value',
                               -override=>1,
                               -size=>50,
                               -maxlength=>80);

    *Yet another note* By default, the text and labels of form elements are
    escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
    "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
    your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as
    &Aacute;, into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping,
    call the autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after
    creating the CGI object:

       $query = new CGI;
       $query->autoEscape(undef);

  CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG

       print $query->isindex(-action=>$action);

             -or-

       print $query->isindex($action);

    Prints out an <ISINDEX> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter -action
    specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The default is to
    process the query with the current script.

  STARTING AND ENDING A FORM

        print $query->start_form(-method=>$method,
                                -action=>$action,
                                -enctype=>$encoding);
          <... various form stuff ...>
        print $query->endform;

            -or-

        print $query->start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
          <... various form stuff ...>
        print $query->endform;

    start_form() will return a <FORM> tag with the optional method, action
    and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:

        method: POST
        action: this script
        enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

    endform() returns the closing </FORM> tag.

    Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the
    various fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
    values are possible:

    Note: This method was previously named startform(), and startform() is
    still recognized as an alias.

    application/x-www-form-urlencoded
        This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
        Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is suitable
        for short fields containing text data. For your convenience, CGI.pm
        stores the name of this encoding type in &CGI::URL_ENCODED.

    multipart/form-data
        This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0. It is
        suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that are
        intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly, it enables
        the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For your
        convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type in
        &CGI::MULTIPART

        Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted by
        CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed to
        handle them.

    For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
    encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding by
    default, you can call start_multipart_form() instead of start_form().

    JAVASCRIPTING: The -name and -onSubmit parameters are provided for use
    with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the form a name so that it
    can be identified and manipulated by JavaScript functions. -onSubmit
    should point to a JavaScript function that will be executed just before
    the form is submitted to your server. You can use this opportunity to
    check the contents of the form for consistency and completeness. If you
    find something wrong, you can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up
    yourself. You can abort the submission by returning false from this
    function.

    Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <SCRIPT> block
    in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function call.
    See start_html() for details.

  CREATING A TEXT FIELD

        print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
                                -default=>'starting value',
                                -size=>50,
                                -maxlength=>80);
            -or-

        print $query->textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);

    textfield() will return a text input field.

    Parameters
    1.  The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).

    2.  The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the
        field contents (-default).

    3.  The optional third parameter is the size of the field in characters
        (-size).

    4.  The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters
        the field will accept (-maxlength).

    As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
    previous contents from earlier invocations of the script. When the form
    is processed, the value of the text field can be retrieved with:

           $value = $query->param('foo');

    If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
    called once, you can do so like this:

           $query->param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");

    NEW AS OF VERSION 2.15: If you don't want the field to take on its
    previous value, you can force its current value by using the -override
    (alias -force) parameter:

        print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
                                -default=>'starting value',
                                -override=>1,
                                -size=>50,
                                -maxlength=>80);

    JAVASCRIPTING: You can also provide -onChange, -onFocus, -onBlur,
    -onMouseOver, -onMouseOut and -onSelect parameters to register
    JavaScript event handlers. The onChange handler will be called whenever
    the user changes the contents of the text field. You can do text
    validation if you like. onFocus and onBlur are called respectively when
    the insertion point moves into and out of the text field. onSelect is
    called when the user changes the portion of the text that is selected.

  CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD

       print $query->textarea(-name=>'foo',
                              -default=>'starting value',
                              -rows=>10,
                              -columns=>50);

            -or

       print $query->textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);

    textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify rows and
    columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide a starting value
    for the field, which can be long and contain multiple lines.

    JAVASCRIPTING: The -onChange, -onFocus, -onBlur , -onMouseOver,
    -onMouseOut, and -onSelect parameters are recognized. See textfield().

  CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD

       print $query->password_field(-name=>'secret',
                                    -value=>'starting value',
                                    -size=>50,
                                    -maxlength=>80);
            -or-

       print $query->password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);

    password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
    will be starred out on the web page.

    JAVASCRIPTING: The -onChange, -onFocus, -onBlur, -onMouseOver,
    -onMouseOut and -onSelect parameters are recognized. See textfield().

  CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD

        print $query->filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
                                -default=>'starting value',
                                -size=>50,
                                -maxlength=>80);
            -or-

        print $query->filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);

    filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
    In order to take full advantage of this *you must use the new multipart
    encoding scheme* for the form. You can do this either by calling
    start_form() with an encoding type of &CGI::MULTIPART, or by calling the
    new method start_multipart_form() instead of vanilla start_form().

    Parameters
    1.  The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).

    2.  The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field
        contents to be used as the default file name (-default).

        For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this
        field, and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the
        field loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents.
        The starting value field is called for in the HTML specification,
        however, and possibly some browser will eventually provide support
        for it.

    3.  The optional third parameter is the size of the field in characters
        (-size).

    4.  The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters
        the field will accept (-maxlength).

    When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename by
    calling param():

           $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');

    Different browsers will return slightly different things for the name.
    Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full path to
    the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine. Regardless,
    the name returned is always the name of the file on the *user's*
    machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file that CGI.pm
    creates during upload spooling (see below).

    The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
    of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:

            # Read a text file and print it out
            while (<$filename>) {
               print;
            }

            # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
            open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
            while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
               print OUTFILE $buffer;
            }

    However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
    If you "use strict", then Perl will complain when you try to use a
    string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
    reading code in a block containing the "no strict" pragma. More
    seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
    upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
    filehandle at all, but a string.

    To be safe, use the *upload()* function (new in version 2.47). When
    called with the name of an upload field, *upload()* returns a
    filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.

         $fh = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
         while (<$fh>) {
               print;
         }

    This is the recommended idiom.

    When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some information
    along with it in the format of headers. The information usually includes
    the MIME content type. Future browsers may send other information as
    well (such as modification date and size). To retrieve this information,
    call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to an associative array
    containing all the document headers.

           $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
           $type = $query->uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
           unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
              die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
           }

    If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
    modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel
    book). Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during
    file uploads.

    There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
    This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
    finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
    uploaded file and set *cgi_error()* to the string "400 Bad request
    (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that you
    can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
    Example:

       $file = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
       if (!$file && $query->cgi_error) {
          print $query->header(-status=>$query->cgi_error);
          exit 0;
       }

    You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
    if you wish.

    JAVASCRIPTING: The -onChange, -onFocus, -onBlur, -onMouseOver,
    -onMouseOut and -onSelect parameters are recognized. See textfield() for
    details.

  CREATING A POPUP MENU

       print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
                                ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
                                'meenie');

          -or-

       %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
                  'meenie'=>'your second choice',
                  'minie'=>'your third choice');
       print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
                                ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
                                'meenie',\%labels);

            -or (named parameter style)-

       print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
                                -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
                                -default=>'meenie',
                                -labels=>\%labels);

    popup_menu() creates a menu.

    1.  The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).

    2.  The required second argument (-values) is an array reference
        containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
        method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
        to a named array, such as "\@foo".

    3.  The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
        menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
        The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.

    4.  The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
        want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
        popup menu nd the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to
        an associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If
        you leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
        default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).

    When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can be
    retrieved using:

          $popup_menu_value = $query->param('menu_name');

    JAVASCRIPTING: popup_menu() recognizes the following event handlers:
    -onChange, -onFocus, -onMouseOver, -onMouseOut, and -onBlur. See the
    textfield() section for details on when these handlers are called.

  CREATING A SCROLLING LIST

       print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
                                    ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    ['eenie','moe'],5,'true');
          -or-

       print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
                                    ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
                                    \%labels);

            -or-

       print $query->scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
                                    -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    -default=>['eenie','moe'],
                                    -size=>5,
                                    -multiple=>'true',
                                    -labels=>\%labels);

    scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
        (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
        array reference.

    2.  The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to
        a list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
        single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
        then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
        parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
        parameter.

    3.  The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).

    4.  The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
        simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
        will be allowed at a time.

    5.  The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
        containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels). If
        not provided, the values will be displayed.

        When this form is processed, all selected list items will be
        returned as a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values
        of the selected items can be retrieved with:

              @selected = $query->param('list_name');

    JAVASCRIPTING: scrolling_list() recognizes the following event handlers:
    -onChange, -onFocus, -onMouseOver, -onMouseOut and -onBlur. See
    textfield() for the description of when these handlers are called.

  CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES

       print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
                                    -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    -default=>['eenie','moe'],
                                    -linebreak=>'true',
                                    -labels=>\%labels);

       print $query->checkbox_group('group_name',
                                    ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels);

       HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:

       print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
                                    -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                    -rows=2,-columns=>2);

    checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related by the
    same name.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
        respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
        argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
        user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for
        the values passed to your script in the query string.

    2.  The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to
        a list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
        single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
        then nothing is selected when the list first appears.

    3.  The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to
        place line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a
        vertical list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a
        horizontal line.

    4.  The optional fifth argument is a pointer to an associative array
        relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
        printed next to them (-labels). If not provided, the values will be
        used as the default.

    5.  HTML3-compatible browsers (such as Netscape) can take advantage of
        the optional parameters -rows, and -columns. These parameters cause
        checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
        checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
        columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
        checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.

        To include row and column headings in the returned table, you can
        use the -rowheaders and -colheaders parameters. Both of these accept
        a pointer to an array of headings to use. The headings are just
        decorative. They don't reorganize the interpretation of the
        checkboxes -- they're still a single named unit.

    When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as a list
    under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the "on" checkboxes
    can be retrieved with:

          @turned_on = $query->param('group_name');

    The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
    elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists, or in
    other creative ways:

        @h = $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
        &use_in_creative_way(@h);

    JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox_group() recognizes the -onClick parameter. This
    specifies a JavaScript code fragment or function call to be executed
    every time the user clicks on any of the buttons in the group. You can
    retrieve the identity of the particular button clicked on using the
    "this" variable.

  CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX

        print $query->checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
                               -checked=>'checked',
                               -value=>'ON',
                               -label=>'CLICK ME');

            -or-

        print $query->checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');

    checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
    related to any others.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name).
        It will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
        checkbox.

    2.  The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
        is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.

    3.  The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
        checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
        assumed.

    4.  The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
        be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
        used.

    The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:

        $turned_on = $query->param('checkbox_name');

    JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox() recognizes the -onClick parameter. See
    checkbox_group() for further details.

  CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP

       print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
                                 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
                                 -default=>'meenie',
                                 -linebreak=>'true',
                                 -labels=>\%labels);

            -or-

       print $query->radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
                                              'meenie','true',\%labels);

       HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:

       print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
                                 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
                                 -rows=2,-columns=>2);

    radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons (turning
    one member of the group on turns the others off)

    Parameters:
    1.  The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).

    2.  The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
        buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
        identical. Pass an array *reference* in the second argument, either
        using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array
        as in "\@foo".

    3.  The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
        button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
        default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
        start up with no buttons selected.

    4.  The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to
        put line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.

    5.  The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an
        associative array relating the radio button values to user-visible
        labels to be used in the display. If not provided, the values
        themselves are displayed.

    6.  HTML3-compatible browsers (such as Netscape) can take advantage of
        the optional parameters -rows, and -columns. These parameters cause
        radio_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
        radio group formatted with the specified number of rows and columns.
        You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group
        will calculate the correct number of rows for you.

        To include row and column headings in the returned table, you can
        use the -rowheader and -colheader parameters. Both of these accept a
        pointer to an array of headings to use. The headings are just
        decorative. They don't reorganize the interpretation of the radio
        buttons -- they're still a single named unit.

    When the form is processed, the selected radio button can be retrieved
    using:

          $which_radio_button = $query->param('group_name');

    The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
    elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists, or in
    other creative ways:

        @h = $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
        &use_in_creative_way(@h);

  CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON

       print $query->submit(-name=>'button_name',
                            -value=>'value');

            -or-

       print $query->submit('button_name','value');

    submit() will create the query submission button. Every form should have
    one of these.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
        name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you
        want to distinguish between them. The name will also be used as the
        user-visible label. Be aware that a few older browsers don't deal
        with this correctly and never send back a value from a button.

    2.  The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
        a value that will be passed to your script in the query string.

    You can figure out which button was pressed by using different values
    for each one:

         $which_one = $query->param('button_name');

    JAVASCRIPTING: radio_group() recognizes the -onClick parameter. See
    checkbox_group() for further details.

  CREATING A RESET BUTTON

       print $query->reset

    reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the form to
    its value from the last time the script was called, NOT necessarily to
    the defaults.

    Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
    CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.

  CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON

       print $query->defaults('button_label')

    defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the form to
    be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the changes the user
    ever made.

  CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD

            print $query->hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
                                 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);

                    -or-

            print $query->hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);

    hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It is
    useful for passing state variable information from one invocation of the
    script to the next.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first argument is required and specifies the name of this field
        (-name).

    2.  The second argument is also required and specifies its value
        (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
        a single value here or a reference to a whole list

    Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:

         $hidden_value = $query->param('hidden_name');

    Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a hidden
    field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with some other
    values after the script has been called once you'll have to do it
    manually:

         $query->param('hidden_name','new','values','here');

  CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON

         print $query->image_button(-name=>'button_name',
                                    -src=>'/source/URL',
                                    -align=>'MIDDLE');      

            -or-

         print $query->image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');

    image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
    position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x" and
    "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned to it.

    JAVASCRIPTING: image_button() recognizes the -onClick parameter. See
    checkbox_group() for further details.

    Parameters:
    1.  The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of
        this field.

    2.  The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL

    3.  The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
        TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE

    Fetch the value of the button this way: $x =
    $query->param('button_name.x'); $y = $query->param('button_name.y');

  CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON

         print $query->button(-name=>'button_name',
                              -value=>'user visible label',
                              -onClick=>"do_something()");

            -or-

         print $query->button('button_name',"do_something()");

    button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
    JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code pointed to
    by the -onClick parameter will be executed. On non-Netscape browsers
    this form element will probably not even display.

HTTP COOKIES
    Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
    Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help maintain state
    within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods that support
    cookies.

    A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
    query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send them to
    the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list of cookies
    that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them to the CGI
    script during subsequent interactions.

    In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
    optional attributes:

    1. an expiration time
        This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
        when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
        script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits the
        browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the
        cookie will remain active until the user quits the browser.

    2. a domain
        This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
        valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
        the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
        of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to Web
        servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
        "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
        must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match on
        top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then the
        browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
        cookie originated from.

    3. a path
        If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
        against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
        if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
        to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl", and
        "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
        "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
        causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.

    4. a "secure" flag
        If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to
        your script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel,
        such as SSL.

    The interface to HTTP cookies is the cookie() method:

        $cookie = $query->cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
                                 -value=>'xyzzy',
                                 -expires=>'+1h',
                                 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
                                 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
                                 -secure=>1);
        print $query->header(-cookie=>$cookie);

    cookie() creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:

    -name
        The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
        Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
        alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
        and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.

    -value
        The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value, array
        reference, or even associative array reference. For example, you can
        store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:

                $cookie=$query->cookie(-name=>'family information',
                                       -value=>\%childrens_ages);

    -path
        The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as
        described above.

    -domain
        The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as
        described above.

    -expires
        The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as
        described in the section on the header() method:

                "+1h"  one hour from now

    -secure
        If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure SSL
        session.

    The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP header
    within the string returned by the header() method:

            print $query->header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);

    To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:

            $cookie1 = $query->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
                                      -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
            $cookie2 = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers',
                                      -value=>\%answers);
            print $query->header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);

    To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
    without the -value parameter:

            use CGI;
            $query = new CGI;
            $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
            %answers = $query->cookie('answers');

    Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
    cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
    values can also be retrieved.

    The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
    named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
    param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's simple
    to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:

       # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
       $c=$q->cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->param('answers')]);
       # vice-versa
       $q->param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->cookie('answers')]);

    See the cookie.cgi example script for some ideas on how to use cookies
    effectively.

WORKING WITH FRAMES
    It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
    and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three techniques
    for defining new frames programmatically:

    1. Create a <Frameset> document
        After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
        HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <FRAMESET>
        document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
        (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.

        There is no specific support for creating <FRAMESET> sections in
        CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
        documentation in Netscape's home pages for details

          http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html

    2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
        You may provide a -target parameter to the header() method:

            print $q->header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');

        This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into
        the frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't
        already exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your
        script's document into that. There are a number of magic names that
        you can use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home
        pages for details.

    3. Specify the destination for the document in the <FORM> tag
        You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
        CGI.pm it looks like this:

            print $q->start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');

        When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
        into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist a
        new window will be created.

    The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
    create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
    side-by-side frames.

LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
    CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css). To
    incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the start_html()
    method a -style parameter. The value of this parameter may be a scalar,
    in which case it is incorporated directly into a <STYLE> section, or it
    may be a hash reference. In the latter case you should provide the hash
    with one or more of -src or -code. -src points to a URL where an
    externally-defined stylesheet can be found. -code points to a scalar
    value to be incorporated into a <STYLE> section. Style definitions in
    -code override similarly-named ones in -src, hence the name "cascading."

    You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
    -type parameter to the hash pointed to by -style. If not specified, the
    style defaults to 'text/css'.

    To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the -class
    parameter to any HTML element:

        print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');

    Or define styles on the fly with the -style parameter:

        print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');

    You may also use the new span() element to apply a style to a section of
    text:

        print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
                   h1('Welcome to Hell'),
                   "Where did that handbasket get to?"
                   );

    Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the span()
    method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using CSS's. See
    the CSS specification at http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for
    more information.

        use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;

        #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
        $newStyle=<<END;
        <!-- 
        P.Tip {
            margin-right: 50pt;
            margin-left: 50pt;
            color: red;
        }
        P.Alert {
            font-size: 30pt;
            font-family: sans-serif;
          color: red;
        }
        -->
        END
        print header();
        print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
                          -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
                                   -code=>$newStyle}
                         );
        print h1('CGI with Style'),
              p({-class=>'Tip'},
                "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
              span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
                   "Look Mom, no hands!",
                   p(),
                   "Whooo wee!"
                   );
        print end_html;

    Pass an array reference to -style in order to incorporate multiple
    stylesheets into your document.

DEBUGGING
    If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
    debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or parameter=value
    pairs on the command line or from standard input (you don't have to
    worry about tricking your script into reading from environment
    variables). You can pass keywords like this:

        your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3

    or this:

       your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3

    or this:

        your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2

    or this:

        your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2

    To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.

    To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
    pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value pairs
    to the script on standard input.

    When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape characters
    in the familiar shell manner, letting you place spaces and other funny
    characters in your parameter=value pairs:

       your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"

  DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS

    The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
    name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful for
    debugging purposes:

        print $query->Dump

    Produces something that looks like:

        <UL>
        <LI>name1
            <UL>
            <LI>value1
            <LI>value2
            </UL>
        <LI>name2
            <UL>
            <LI>value1
            </UL>
        </UL>

    As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
    and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:

        $query=new CGI;
        print "<H2>Current Values</H2> $query\n";

FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
    Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched through
    this interface. The methods are as follows:

    Accept()
        Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
        give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as
        in $query->Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point
        value corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from
        0.0 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's
        accept list are handled correctly.

        Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44
        in order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.

    raw_cookie()
        Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
        Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
        Internet Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method
        call just returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for
        ways of setting and retrieving cooked cookies.

        Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
        structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
        on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
        retrieves the unescaped form of the cookie. You can use the regular
        cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch() method from
        the CGI::Cookie module.

    user_agent()
        Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give this method a
        single argument, it will attempt to pattern match on it, allowing
        you to do something like $query->user_agent(netscape);

    path_info()
        Returns additional path information from the script URL. E.G.
        fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
        $query->path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".

        NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server is broken with
        respect to additional path information. If you use the Perl DLL
        library, the IIS server will attempt to execute the additional path
        information as a Perl script. If you use the ordinary file
        associations mapping, the path information will be present in the
        environment, but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using
        additional path information in CGI scripts destined for use with
        IIS.

    path_translated()
        As per path_info() but returns the additional path information
        translated into a physical path, e.g.
        "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".

        The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated path as
        well.

    remote_host()
        Returns either the remote host name or IP address. if the former is
        unavailable.

    script_name()
        Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts.

    referer()
        Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing prior to fetching
        your script. Not available for all browsers.

    auth_type ()
        Return the authorization/verification method in use for this script,
        if any.

    server_name ()
        Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host name.

    virtual_host ()
        When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that the
        browser attempted to contact

    server_port ()
        Return the port that the server is listening on.

    server_software ()
        Returns the server software and version number.

    remote_user ()
        Return the authorization/verification name used for user
        verification, if this script is protected.

    user_name ()
        Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of
        different techniques. This only works with older browsers such as
        Mosaic. Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy
        reasons!

    request_method()
        Returns the method used to access your script, usually one of
        'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.

    content_type()
        Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
        multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded

    http()
        Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
        variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
        HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
        like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name
        of an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the
        use of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.

        For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:

           $requested_language = $q->http('Accept-language');
           $requested_language = $q->http('Accept_language');
           $requested_language = $q->http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');

    https()
        The same as *http()*, but operates on the HTTPS environment
        variables present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to
        determine whether SSL is turned on.

USING NPH SCRIPTS
    NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
    sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
    slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage of
    HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server, such as
    server push and PICS headers.

    Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as NPH.
    Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for the
    prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's Internet
    Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a program is an
    NPH script by examining the first line of script output.

    CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this mode,
    CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when the
    header() and redirect() methods are called.

    The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
    version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
    running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to do
    this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do.

    There are a number of ways to put CGI.pm into NPH mode:

    In the use statement
        Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported
        into your script:

              use CGI qw(:standard -nph)

    By calling the nph() method:
        Call nph() with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm
        in your program.

              CGI->nph(1)

    By using -nph parameters
        in the header() and redirect() statements:

              print $q->header(-nph=>1);

Server Push
    CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart documents
    of the type needed to implement server push. These functions were
    graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To import these into
    your namespace, you must import the ":push" set. You are also advised to
    put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to 1 to avoid buffering
    problems.

    Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:

      #!/usr/local/bin/perl
      use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
      $| = 1;
      print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
      foreach (0 .. 4) {
          print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
                "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
          if ($_ < 4) {
                  print multipart_end;
          } else {
                  print multipart_final;
          }
          sleep 1;
      }

    This script initializes server push by calling multipart_init(). It then
    enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by calling
    multipart_start(), prints the current local time, and ends a multipart
    section with multipart_end(). It then sleeps a second, and begins again.
    On the final iteration, it ends the multipart section with
    multipart_final() rather than with multipart_end().

    multipart_init()
          multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);

        Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
        what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
        If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.

    multipart_start()
          multipart_start(-type=>$type)

        Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
        type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.

    multipart_end()
          multipart_end()

        End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
        multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the
        multipart document when multipart_final() should be called instead
        of multipart_end().

    multipart_final()
          multipart_final()

        End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
        multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart
        document.

    Users interested in server push applications should also have a look at
    the CGI::Push module.

    Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer browsers
    do not.

Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
    A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
    process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker could
    attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many megabytes.
    CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a variable, growing
    hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While the script attempts to
    allocate the memory the system may slow down dramatically. This is a
    form of denial of service attack.

    Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to accept
    a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it in a
    temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive an
    uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
    terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
    server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.

    The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
    of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
    servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
    cases, you can use the shell *limit* or *ulimit* commands to put
    ceilings on CGI resource usage.

    CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
    service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
    These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:

    $CGI::POST_MAX
        If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling on
        the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST that is
        greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
        message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and multipart
        POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file uploads as
        well. You should set this to a reasonably high value, such as 1
        megabyte.

    $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS
        If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
        completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.

    You can use these variables in either of two ways.

    1. On a script-by-script basis
        Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use"
        statement:

            use CGI qw/:standard/;
            use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
            $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100;  # max 100K posts
            $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1;  # no uploads

    2. Globally for all scripts
        Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
        $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll find
        them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
        initialize_globals().

    An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
    *param()* to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for this
    event by checking *cgi_error()*, either after you create the CGI object
    or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call <param()> for
    the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then cgi_error() will
    return the message "413 POST too large".

    This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
    designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status code.
    For example:

       $uploaded_file = param('upload');
       if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
          print header(-status=>cgi_error());
          exit 0;
       }

    However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do with
    this status code. It might be better just to create an HTML page that
    warns the user of the problem.

COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
    To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
    compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:

    OLD VERSION require "cgi-lib.pl"; &ReadParse; print "The value of the
    antique is $in{antique}.\n";

    NEW VERSION use CGI; CGI::ReadParse print "The value of the antique is
    $in{antique}.\n";

    CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in, which
    can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like ReadParse, you can
    also provide your own variable. Infrequently used features of ReadParse,
    such as the creation of @in and $in variables, are not supported.

    Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself this
    way:

        $q = $in{CGI};
        print $q->textfield(-name=>'wow',
                            -value=>'does this really work?');

    This allows you to start using the more interesting features of CGI.pm
    without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.

AUTHOR INFORMATION
    Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the same terms as Perl itself.

    Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending bug
    reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of Perl, the
    name and version of your Web server, and the name and version of the
    operating system you are using. If the problem is even remotely browser
    dependent, please provide information about the affected browers as
    well.

CREDITS
    Thanks very much to:

    Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
    James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
    Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
    Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
    Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
    Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
    Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
    Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
    Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
    Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
    Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
    Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
    Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
    Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
    Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
    Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
    Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
    David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
    Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
    Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
    ...and many many more...
        for suggestions and bug fixes.

A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
            #!/usr/local/bin/perl

            use CGI;

            $query = new CGI;

            print $query->header;
            print $query->start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
            print "<H1> Example CGI.pm Form</H1>\n";
            &print_prompt($query);
            &do_work($query);
            &print_tail;
            print $query->end_html;

            sub print_prompt {
               my($query) = @_;

               print $query->start_form;
               print "<EM>What's your name?</EM><BR>";
               print $query->textfield('name');
               print $query->checkbox('Not my real name');

               print "<P><EM>Where can you find English Sparrows?</EM><BR>";
               print $query->checkbox_group(
                                     -name=>'Sparrow locations',
                                     -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
                                     -linebreak=>'yes',
                                     -defaults=>[England,Asia]);

               print "<P><EM>How far can they fly?</EM><BR>",
                    $query->radio_group(
                            -name=>'how far',
                            -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
                            -default=>'1 mile');

               print "<P><EM>What's your favorite color?</EM>  ";
               print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
                                        -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
                                        -default=>'red');

               print $query->hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');

               print "<P><EM>What have you got there?</EM><BR>";
               print $query->scrolling_list(
                             -name=>'possessions',
                             -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
                                       'A Sword','A Ticket'],
                             -size=>5,
                             -multiple=>'true');

               print "<P><EM>Any parting comments?</EM><BR>";
               print $query->textarea(-name=>'Comments',
                                      -rows=>10,
                                      -columns=>50);

               print "<P>",$query->reset;
               print $query->submit('Action','Shout');
               print $query->submit('Action','Scream');
               print $query->endform;
               print "<HR>\n";
            }

            sub do_work {
               my($query) = @_;
               my(@values,$key);

               print "<H2>Here are the current settings in this form</H2>";

               foreach $key ($query->param) {
                  print "<STRONG>$key</STRONG> -> ";
                  @values = $query->param($key);
                  print join(", ",@values),"<BR>\n";
              }
            }

            sub print_tail {
               print <<END;
            <HR>
            <ADDRESS>Lincoln D. Stein</ADDRESS><BR>
            <A HREF="/">Home Page</A>
            END
            }

BUGS
    This module has grown large and monolithic. Furthermore it's doing many
    things, such as handling URLs, parsing CGI input, writing HTML, etc.,
    that are also done in the LWP modules. It should be discarded in favor
    of the CGI::* modules, but somehow I continue to work on it.

    Note that the code is truly contorted in order to avoid spurious
    warnings when programs are run with the -w switch.

SEE ALSO
    the CGI::Carp manpage, the URI::URL manpage, the CGI::Request manpage,
    the CGI::MiniSvr manpage, the CGI::Base manpage, the CGI::Form manpage,
    the CGI::Push manpage, the CGI::Fast manpage, the CGI::Pretty manpage


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